Compositions, Methods, and Medical Compositions for Treatment of and Maintaining the Health of the Liver

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract, at least one Aloe gel powder, and at least one Schizandra extract. Compositions and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract enriched for at least one polymer or biopolymer, at least one Aloe gel powder enriched for at least one chromone, and at least one Schizandra extract enriched for at least one lignan and organic acid.

This U.S. Utility application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/192,711 filed on Jul. 15, 2015 and entitled “Compositions and Methods for Liver Health”, which is commonly-owned and incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

The field of the subject matter is compounds and compositions useful for liver health management, including stereoisomers, pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts, tautomers, glycosides and prodrugs of the disclosed compounds, compositions and related methods of improving and maintaining liver health.

BACKGROUND

The liver is a vital organ that plays a pivotal role in metabolism and detoxification of various endogenous and exogenous harmful substances. It is believed that more than 500 chemical reactions take place in the liver. Various xenobiotics or foreign chemical substances are known to cause hepatotoxicity, among which acetaminophen (n-acetyl-p-aminophenol or APAP) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) are generally utilized to develop an animal model that mimics the human type of liver toxicity with similar mechanisms of actions. Ranges of biomarkers from serum or liver homogenates have been used to review and/or analyze the health status of the liver where a shift away from the normal range is considered an indication of insult to the organ. Among these biomarkers, the most frequently used are: ALT (alanine aminotransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), MDA (malondialdehyde), GSH (glutathione), SOD (superoxide dismutase), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), CAT (catalase), and TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha). Liver panels such as AST, ALT, total bilirubin, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin, bile acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase have been used as a standard screen method for liver health. While ALT and AST are recognized as non-specific to liver injury, ALT has shown relative specificity to the liver. For example, AST has an origin ratio of liver (9000:1) vs muscle (5200:1); in comparison ALT has an origin ratio of liver (7600:1) vs muscle (750:1). The half-life of total AST and ALT are 17±5 hours and 47±10 hours, respectively. ALT is stable for 3 days at room temperature, 3 weeks in a refrigerator, 24 hours in whole blood; however, ALT deteriorates rapidly with repeated freezing and thawing. Serum ALT was used for efficacy screening of plant extracts in our studies.

APAP is a very safe and effective analgesic and antipyretic drug at therapeutic dosage. It is the most frequent cause of acute live failure in the United States. APAP-induced liver toxicity is clinically relevant, well studied, can be rapidly induced in vivo with a single dose, and has become a conventional model in assessing the potential hepatoprotective effects of phytotherapeutics.

APAP-induced cell death is not caused by a single tragic event shutting down vital function of cells instead it induces a series of events beginning with the reactive metabolite formation and initiation of mitochondrial dysfunction, which is amplified through the JNK pathway, ultimately leading to non-functional mitochondria and massive DNA degradation leading to cell necrosis.

APAP toxicity takes place in very intricate pathways of mechanisms of actions. As previously established, the intracellular signaling mechanisms of APAP-induced cell death is initiated by the metabolism of a small fraction of the administered dose by P450 enzymes, mainly Cyp 2e1 and 1a2 (Zaher et al., 1998), to n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Under normal conditions, this highly reactive metabolite will be detoxified by GSH resulting in extensive hepatic GSH depletion (Mitchell et al., 197), which becomes critical at the time of overdose. Concurrently, an increasing amount of NAPQI reacts with protein sulfhydryl groups, causing the covalent adduction of cellular proteins (Jollow et al., 1973). Interestingly, studies have shown that the total protein binding in the cell is not as important as adducts in mitochondria (Tirmenstein and Nelson, 1989; Qiu et al., 2001). Mitochondrial protein binding triggers a mitochondrial oxidant stress (Jaeschke, 1990), which causes activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Nakagawa et al., 2008) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (Hanawa et al., 2008) and the amplification of the mitochondrial oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation by mitochondrial JNK translocation (Saito et al., 2010a). The extensive oxidant stress finally triggers the opening of the membrane permeability transition (MPT) pore in the mitochondria with collapse of the membrane potential (Kon et al., 2004; Masubuchi et al., 2005; Ramachandran et al., 2011a; Loguidice and Boelsterli, 2011) followed by the release of intermembrane proteins such as endonuclease G and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria (Kon et al., 2004; Bajt et al., 2008). Both endonuclease G and AIF translocate to the nucleus and cause DNA fragmentation (Cover et al., 2005; Bajt et al., 2006, 2011) and ultimately cell death occurs. The collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential with ATP depletion and the nuclear degradation are key events leading to cellular necrosis. Hence, there are multiple interference points where these mechanisms can be intercepted when designing therapeutic intervention for liver protection.

Knowing chronology of the pathologic process of the model provides a guideline for therapeutic intervention. While oxidative stress and sterile inflammations play a significant role in APAP toxicity, pathophysiology of the model is characterized by a series of events, including metabolic activation between 0 and 2 h, depletion of GSH within the first 30 minutes, intracellular mechanisms of cell death between 2 and 12 h, an inflammatory response at time frame of 6-24 h, and regeneration in the timeframe of 24-72 h after APAP toxicity (Jaeschke et al., 2012a).

As mentioned, APAP overdose can cause severe liver toxicity in humans characterized by protein adduct formation (Davern et al., 2006; James et al., 2009), mitochondrial damage and nuclear DNA fragmentation (McGill et al., 2012a) that leads to cell death. Therefore, it is desirable to utilize animal models that could share similar pathophysiology features when testing plant extracts for liver protection. Thus, for in vivo experiments, the mouse is the preferred model, as the damage most closely resembles the human pathophysiology in both mechanism and dose-dependency. In fact, some suggest that the primary significant difference in APAP hepatotoxicity between mice and humans is the more delayed toxicity in humans which exhibits ALT peak at 24-48 h after exposure compared to mice when ALT peaks at 6-12 h (Larson, 2007). This difference may in part be explained because of differences in absorption between the two species. In contrast, the rat, although popular for natural product testing, is a poor model as most rat strains are largely insensitive to APAP toxicity (Mitchell et al., 1973; McGill et al., 2012b). Even at high dose of g/kg, APAP mostly does not cause relevant liver injury (Jaeschke et al., 2013). And while GSH depletion and protein adducts can be measured, the lower adducts in rat liver mitochondria compared to mice appear to be insufficient to initiate enough mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent amplification events to lead to necrotic cell death (McGill et al., 2012b). These fundamental differences between the two species have been reflected during evaluation of phytotherapeutics. For example, in a rat study, an APAP dose of 3 g/kg resulted in an increase of plasma ALT levels of about 3-fold compared to baseline and the phytotherapeutic attenuated this modest liver injury by 33% (Ajith et al., 2007). Any histological changes in this rat model were minimal and difficult to detect. On the other hand, in a mouse study, ALT increases were >60-fold of baseline after a 300 mg/kg APAP dose and the reduction by the phytotherapeutic was 75% (Wan et al., 2012). Histological changes caused by APAP toxicity and the protective effect of the drug were readily observed.

CCl₄, a halogenated alkane industrial chemical with restricted usage, is a well-known hepatotoxin that is widely used to induce acute toxic liver injury in a large range of laboratory animals. Humans have been exposed to CCl₄, in occupational surroundings and from environmental contamination, such as contaminated drinking water. Nevertheless, the chemical continues to provide an important service today as a model compound to elucidate the mechanisms of action of hepatotoxic effects such as fatty degeneration, fibrosis, hepatocellular death, and carcinogenicity (Slater 1981; Renner H. 1985; Reynolds 1963). It is considered as one of the classic chemically-induced liver toxicity animal models primarily associated with the formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation.

Like APAP, CCl₄ toxicity is initiated by cytochrome P450s primarily of (CYP) 2E1, CYP2B1 or CYP2B2 (Nelson and Harrison, 1987), to yield reactive metabolic products trichloromethyl free radicals (CCl₃—), which can initiate lipid peroxidation and ultimately results in the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hepatocyte injuries (Poyer et al., 1980; Albano et al., 1982). In the process, these radicals can bind to cellular molecules (nucleic acid, protein, and lipid), impairing crucial cellular processes, such as lipid metabolism, with the potential outcome of fatty degeneration (steatosis) and direct damage to these macromolecules (Weddle et al., 1976). These radicals can also react with oxygen to form the trichloromethylperoxy radical CCl₃OO—, a highly reactive species. Once generated, it initiates the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation, which attacks and destroys polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular those associated with phospholipids. This affects the permeability of mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and plasma membranes, resulting in the loss of cellular calcium sequestration and homeostasis, which can contribute heavily to subsequent cell damage. In this respect, antioxidants and radical scavengers have been used to study the mechanism of CCl₄ toxicity as well as to protect liver cells from CCl₄-induced damage by breaking the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation (Cheeseman et al., 1987). At the molecular level, CCl₄ activates TNF-α (Czaja et al., 1995), nitric oxide (NO) (Chamulitrat et al., 1994, 1995), and transforming growth factors (TGF) (Luckey et al., 2001) in the cell, processes that appear to direct the cell primarily toward destruction or fibrosis. These suggest that plant extracts with anti-inflammatory activity could have a potential application in liver protection. While acute administration of a large dose of CCl₄ causes severe necrosis, chronic administration of lower doses is frequently used to induce hepatic fibrosis.

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the inherent capacity of the body to counteract or neutralize their harmful effects through interaction with various reducing and sequestering endogenous antioxidant defense networks. When there is a lack of an appropriate adaptation by the body antioxidant defense system, reactive oxygen species accumulation will lead to the activation of stress-sensitive intracellular signaling pathways that, in turn, promote cellular damage leading to necrosis. While damage of oxidative stress affects the whole body as a system, the impact becomes more detrimental when it involves vital organs, such as the liver, where primary detoxification takes place to remove and metabolize harmful toxins such as alcohol. As a result, the liver is susceptible to alcohol-induced injury as both alcohol and its primary metabolite acetaldehyde produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), altering hepatic antioxidant defense system. The most common pathological conditions such as fatty liver, hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis are observed in alcohol-linked liver disorders as a result of repeated exposure of alcohol. These outcomes in conjunction with cellular lipids, proteins, and DNA oxidation has been demonstrated in multiple experimental animals (Wu and Cederbaum, 2003). Here we used the most frequently used animal model with practical clinical implications, such as APAP, and confirmed findings with the classic CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model. Regardless of the chemical agents used to induce the hepatotoxicity, both the APAP and CCl₄ models share the critical step in oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species generated by excess intermediate metabolites leading to protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage.

To this end, it would be desirable to develop, produce and utilize a composition, medicinal composition and related methods that are designed to treat and maintain the health of the liver. Ideal compounds, medicinal compositions and compositions would be sufficient to effect treatment, including any one or more of: (1) treating or preventing damage of liver cells in a mammal; (2) promoting liver health; (3) preserve detoxification and anti-oxidation liver enzymes in a mammal; (4) increasing liver detoxification capacity in a mammal; (5) treating or preventing liver diseases in a mammal; (6) modifying inflammation of a liver in a mammal; and (7) improving liver renewal function. Ideal compounds and compositions can be derived from or comprise at least one plant extract, wherein the plant extract may or may not be enriched. As part of this development, it would be ideal to utilize frequently and acceptable models to test contemplated compounds and compositions. It would also be desirable to reliably design a therapeutic intervention for liver health by intercepting points in the mechanisms of liver degradation and studying those results.

SUMMARY OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

Compositions and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract, at least one Aloe gel powder, and at least one Schizandra extract.

Compositions and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract enriched for at least one polymer or biopolymer, at least one Aloe gel powder enriched for at least one chromone, and at least one Schizandra extract enriched for at least one lignan and organic acid.

Medical compositions and methods for maintaining liver function, minimizing liver cell damage, promoting healthy liver, protecting liver antioxidation integrity, neutralizing toxins, diminishing the action of free radicals that affecting liver health, scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, preventing the formation of toxic metabolisms, improving liver detoxification capacity and/or function, liver cleansing, restoring liver structure, liver protecting liver cells from toxins, helping liver's blood flow and circulation, supporting liver function, fortifying and soothing lever, calming and tonifying liver, alleviating liver pain, purging harmful chemicals and organisms, supporting liver's metabolic process, alleviating liver discomfort, alleviating fatty liver, improving liver detoxification capacity, lowering liver enzymes, providing natural oxidants, increasing SOD, increasing GSH, reducing liver cell peroxidation, reducing fatty acid accumulation, maintaining healthy anti-inflammatory process, improving liver immune function, promoting liver cell regeneration, improving liver renewal function, stimulating bile release, promoting healthy bile flow, liver rejuvenating, or the like of a mammal are also disclosed, wherein the medical composition contains contemplated compositions as an effective ingredient.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a HPLC chromatogram of Artemisia capillaris 70% ethanol extract.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In brief, the present disclosure is directed to compounds and compositions useful for liver health management, including stereoisomers, pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts, tautomers, glycosides and prodrugs of the disclosed compounds, and to related methods of improving liver health.

Contemplated compounds and compositions are derived from or comprise at least one plant extract, wherein the plant extract may or may not be enriched. As part of this development, frequently and acceptable models were utilized to test contemplated compounds and compositions. In addition, a therapeutic intervention for liver health was designed by intercepting points in the mechanisms of liver degradation and studying those results. Contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions and compositions are sufficient to effect treatment, including any one or more of: (1) treating or preventing damage of liver cells in a mammal; (2) promoting liver health; (3) preserve detoxification and anti-oxidation liver enzymes in a mammal; (4) increasing liver detoxification capacity in a mammal; (5) treating or preventing liver diseases in a mammal; (6) modifying inflammation of a liver in a mammal; and (7) improving liver renewal function.

Specifically, compositions, compounds and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract, at least one Aloe gel powder, and at least one Schizandra extract.

In addition, compositions, compounds and methods for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver are disclosed that include a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract enriched for at least one polymer or biopolymer, at least one Aloe gel powder enriched for at least one chromone, and at least one Schizandra extract enriched for at least one lignan and organic acid.

Medical compositions and methods for maintaining liver function, minimizing liver cell damage, promoting healthy liver, protecting liver antioxidation integrity, neutralizing toxins, diminishing the action of free radicals that affecting liver health, scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, preventing the formation of toxic metabolisms, improving liver detoxification capacity and/or function, liver cleansing, restoring liver structure, liver protecting liver cells from toxins, helping liver's blood flow and circulation, supporting liver function, fortifying and soothing lever, calming and tonifying liver, alleviating liver pain, purging harmful chemicals and organisms, supporting liver's metabolic process, alleviating liver discomfort, alleviating fatty liver, improving liver detoxification capacity, lowering liver enzymes, providing natural oxidants, increasing SOD, increasing GSH, reducing liver cell peroxidation, reducing fatty acid accumulation, maintaining healthy anti-inflammatory process, improving liver immune function, promoting liver cell regeneration, improving liver renewal function, stimulating bile release, promoting healthy bile flow, liver rejuvenating, or the like of a mammal are also disclosed, wherein the medical composition contains contemplated compositions as an effective ingredient.

The concept of discovering a unique blend of compounds and extracts with enhanced efficacy to protect liver from repeated exposures of oxidative stress was developed keeping alcohol induced liver injury, generalized fatigue and exhaustion in mind. Historically, some botanicals rich in phenolic compounds have been reported to be associated with antioxidative actions in biological systems, acting as scavengers of singlet oxygen and free radicals, leading to their use in herbal medicine. It is contemplated that combining such plant materials having an understood efficacy and safety data would be advantageous for overall liver health. As such, APAP and CCl₄ models were utilized to screen various plant extracts. As a result, some plant extracts showed a reduction in serum ALT only in one model, but the criteria for a lead to be considered was to show efficacy in both models.

From a total of 38 plant materials tested, Schisandra, Artemisia and N931 were the only materials demonstrated their efficacy in both models. N931 is a composition containing a unique combination of 1-4% aloesin and 96-99% 200:1 Aloe vera inner leaf fell powder polysaccharides. As disclosed herein, contemplated compositions generally comprise a mixture of plant extracts from an Artemisia extract enriched for one or more biopolymers, an Aloe gel powder enriched for one or more chromones, and a Schizandra extract enriched for one or more lignans and organic acids.

The degrees of inhibitions observed for these materials were not equal between models. For example, while extracts from Schizandra seemed to show higher protection of liver injury caused by APAP (up to 48.9% at a dose of 500 mg/kg), at the same dosage the extract showed only 22.8% inhibitions in the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model. On the other hand, Artemisia extract, such as Artemisia capillaris showed 48.0% reduction in serum ALT level at the dose of 400 mg/kg in the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model; in contrast, the inhibitions observed in the APAP-induced liver injury model was only 24.0% at this dose level when compared to vehicle control. Given these strong individual performances observed in a separate model for each plant, the idea of combining these plant extracts for a better outcome in both models was reinforced. N931 showed moderate liver protection activity in both models. As disclosed above, considerable studies have attested the antioxidant activities of Schizandra, Artemisia and N931 with various degrees of liver protection abilities. However, they were never combined together before at specific ratios to yield contemplated and disclosed compositions, including SAL, which is generally understood as the unique combination of Schizandra, Artemisia and N931.

An interesting discovery was that when Schizandra was blended with Artemisia capillaris at ratios of 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 at a dose of 400 mg/kg, only the 2:1 (as twice Schizandra than Artemisia capillaris) in the APAP model and 1:2 (as twice Artemisia capillaris than Schizandra) in the CCL₄ model showed 48.0% and 40.6% reductions in serum ALT levels, respectively, compared to the vehicle control with injury. They fell short to show the expected efficacy in both models at a single ratio suggesting the need for a third component to complete the composition. N931 was considered to be that component, as it showed moderate inhibition in both models. The addition of N931 to these two lead blends showed liver protection activity in both models at a similar magnitude: i.e. 52.5% and 46.3% in both models, respectively, which was considered an added benefit as a result of the third component of the composition or compound. When the merit of formulating these three plant materials was tested, an unexpected synergy was observed from the combination of these three plant materials that exceeded the predicted result based on simply summing the effects observed for each of its constituents at the given ratio and at the dose of 400 mg/kg.

In fact, none of the constituents showed liver protection activity at the magnitude equivalent to the one shown for a contemplated compound or composition comprising Schizandra, Artemisia and N931. Furthermore, data from liver panel that includes AST, ALT, bile acid, total protein, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, albumin, and total protein showed that contemplated compositions comprise liver protection activity when compared to the vehicle treated control animals with injury. As data from the liver homogenate reflected, contemplated compositions, including SAL, also replenished the depleted hepatic glutathione in association with an increased activity in hepatic superoxide dismutase. A contemplated and unique ratio of 4S:8A:3L provides demonstrated liver protection activity in multiple animal models in association with several oxidative stress specific biomarkers moderations.

As disclosed herein, the Artemisia extract and the Schizandra extract can be blended in a weight ratio from 4:1 to 1:4. In some contemplated embodiments, the Aloe gel powder can be further blended with a mixture of Artemisia and Schizandra extracts in a weight percentage of about 5% to about 50%. In other contemplated embodiments, the mixture of Artemisia, Schizandra and Aloe leaf gel powder may be provided in a ratio of 8:4:3, respectively.

Schizandra extract is a contemplated component or constituent that can be utilized as part of a target compound or composition. Schizandra extract may be obtained from any suitable source, including Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra elongate, Schisandra glabra, Schisandra glaucescens, Schisandra henryi, Schisandra incarnate, Schisandra lancifolia, Schisandra neglecta, Schisandra nigra, Schisandra propinqua, Schisandra pubescens, Schisandra repanda, Schisandra rubriflora, Schisandra rubrifolia, Schisandra sinensis, Schisandra sphaerandra, Schisandra sphenanthera, Schisandra tomentella, Schisandra tuberculata, Schisandra vestita, Schisandra viridis, Schisandra wilsoniana or a combination thereof.

Schizandra extract may be enriched for one or more lignans and organic acids, as contemplated herein. Contemplated lignans isolated from Schizandra extract is Schisandrin, Deoxyschizandrin, γ-Schizandrin, Pseudo-γ-schizandrin, Wuweizisu B, Wuweizisu C, Isoschizandrin, Pregomisin, eoschizandrin, Schizandrol, Schizandrol A, Schizandrol B, Schisantherin A, B, C, D, E, Rubschisantherin, Schisanhenol acetdte, Schisanhenol B, Schisanhenol, Gomisin A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, N, O, R, S, T, U, Epigomisin O, Angeloylgomisin H, O, Q, T, igloylgomisin H, P, Angeloyisogomisin O, Benzoyl-gomisin H, O, P, Q, Benzoyl-isogomisin or a combination thereof. Contemplated organic acids isolated from a Schizandra extract include malic acid, citric acid, shikimic acid or a combination thereof.

Artemisia extract is a contemplated component or constituent that can be utilized as part of a target compound or composition. Artemisia extract may be obtained from any suitable source, including Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia abrotanum L., Artemisia afra, Artemisia annua L, Artemisia arborescens, Artemisia asiatica, Artemisia campestris, Artemisia deserti, Artemisia iwayomogi, Artemisia ludoviciana, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia oelandica, Artemisia princeps Pamp, Artemisia sacrorum, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia stelleriana, Artemisia frigida Willd, Artemisia anethoides Mattf., Artemisia anethifolia Weber., Artemisia faurier Nakai, Origanum vulgare, Siphenostegia chinensis, or any combination thereof.

Artemisia extract may be enriched for one or more biopolymers, as contemplated herein. Contemplated polymers and biopolymers isolated from Artemisia extract are extracted with any suitable solvent, including water, methanol, ethanol, alcohol, a water-mixed solvent or a combination thereof. In contemplated embodiments, the Artemisia extract comprises about 0.01% to about 99.9% biopolymers with individual or a median molecular weights higher than about 500 g/mol. In some contemplated embodiments, the Artemisia extract comprises about 0.01% to about 99.9% biopolymers with individual or a median molecular weights higher than about 750 g/mol. In other contemplated embodiments, the Artemisia extract comprises about 0.01% to about 99.9% biopolymers with individual or a median molecular weights higher than about 1000 g/mol.

Aloe gel powder is another contemplated component or constituent and may be provided by any suitable source, including Aloe arborescens, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe cremnophila, Aloe ferox, Aloe saponaria, Aloe vera, Aloe vera var. chinensis or a combination thereof.

Aloe gel powder may be enriched for one or more chromones, as contemplated herein. Contemplated chromones comprise or are selected from aloesin, aloesinol, aloeresin A, aloeresin B, aloeresin C, aloeresin D, aloeresin E or any combination thereof. In contemplated embodiments, the at least one chromone composition may comprise about 0.01% to about 100% of one or more chromones. In some contemplated embodiments, the chromone composition comprises about 1% to about 4% of Aloesin, wherein the composition is essentially free of anthroquinones and wherein the Aloe gel is isolated from a plant selected from Aloe barbadensis or Aloe vera; and wherein the at least one chromone is isolated from Aloe vera or Aloe ferox or any combination thereof.

Contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions and compositions may comprise or additionally comprise or consist of at least one liver protectant. In some embodiments, the at least one liver protectant may comprise or consist of plant powder or plant extract of milk thistle, curcuma, bupleurum, licorice, salvia, morus, hovenia, agrimony, cudrania, lyceum, citrus, prunus, yellow mume, Korea gim, dandelion, vitis, grape seed, rubus, camellia, green tea, krill oil, yeast, soy bean; isolated and enriched silymarins, flavonoids, phospholipids, thios, pycnogenols, gelatins, soy lecithin, pancreatic enzymes; natural or synthetic N-acetyl-cysteine, taurine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, carotenes, vitamin A, vitamin B2, B6, B16, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, branched-chain amino acids, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese, coenzyme Q10, L-arginine, L-glutamine, phosphatidylcholine or the like and or a combination thereof.

Also contemplated herein are in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds. Such products may result from, for example, the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification, and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, contemplated compounds are those produced by a process comprising administering a contemplated compound or composition to a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products are typically identified by administering a radiolabelled compound of this disclosure in a detectable dose to an animal, such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, pig, sheep, horse, monkey, or human, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur, and then isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.

As used herein, the phrases “stable compound” and “stable structure” are used interchangeably and used to indicate a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and to survive formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

As used herein, the term “mammal” includes humans and both domestic animals, such as laboratory animals or household pets (e.g., rat, mouse, guinea pig, cats, dogs, swine, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits, primates), and non-domestic animals, such as wildlife or the like.

As used herein, the terms “optional” or “optionally” may be used interchangeably and mean that the subsequently described element, component, event or circumstances may or may not occur, and includes instances where the element, component, event or circumstance occur and instances in which they do not. For example, “optionally substituted aryl” means that the aryl radical may or may not be substituted—in other words, the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution.

Contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions and compositions may comprise or additionally comprise or consist of at least one pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient. As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient” includes any adjuvant, carrier, excipient, glidant, sweetening agent, diluent, preservative, dye/colorant, flavor enhancer, surfactant, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, stabilizer, isotonic agent, solvent, or emulsifier which has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as being acceptable for use in humans or domestic animals.

Contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions and compositions may comprise or additionally comprise or consist of at least one pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salt. As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid addition and base addition salts.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable acid addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, undecylenic acid, or the like.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable base addition salt” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. In certain embodiments, the inorganic salts are ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly useful organic bases include isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline, or caffeine.

Often crystallizations produce a solvate of or include contemplated compounds. As used herein, the term “solvate” refers to an aggregate that comprises one or more molecules of a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition with one or more molecules of solvent. The solvent may be water, in which case the solvate may be a hydrate. Alternatively, the solvent may be an organic solvent. Thus, the contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions or compositions may exist as a hydrate, including a monohydrate, dihydrate, hemihydrate, sesquihydrate, trihydrate, tetrahydrate and the like, as well as the corresponding solvated forms. A contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition may be a true solvate, while in other cases, a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition may merely retain adventitious water or be a mixture of water plus some adventitious solvent.

A “pharmaceutical composition” or “nutraceutical composition” refers to a formulation of a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition and a medium generally accepted in the art for the delivery of the biologically active compound to mammals, e.g., humans. For example, a contemplated pharmaceutical compound, medicinal composition or composition may be formulated or used as a stand-alone composition, or as a component in a prescription drug, an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine, a botanical drug, an herbal medicine, a homeopathic agent, or any other form of health care product reviewed and approved by a government agency. Exemplary and contemplated nutraceutical compositions may be formulated or used as a stand-alone composition, or as a nutritional or bioactive component in food, a novel food, a functional food, a beverage, a bar, a food flavor, a food additive, a medical food, a dietary supplement, or an herbal product. A medium generally accepted in the art includes all pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients therefor.

As used herein, the phrase “enriched for” refers to a plant extract or other preparation having at least about a two-fold up to about a 1000-fold increase in the amount or activity of one or more active compounds as compared to the amount or activity of the one or more active compounds found in the weight of the plant material or other source before extraction or other preparation. In certain embodiments, the weight of the plant material or other source before extraction or other preparation may be dry weight, wet weight, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, “major active ingredient” or “major active component” refers to one or more active contemplated compounds found in a plant extract or other preparation, or enriched for in a plant extract or other preparation, which is capable of at least one biological activity. In certain embodiments, a major active ingredient of an enriched extract will be the one or more active compounds that were enriched in that extract. Generally, one or more major active components will impart, directly or indirectly, most (i.e., greater than 50%) of one or more measurable biological activities or effects as compared to other extract components. In certain embodiments, a major active ingredient may be a minor component by weight percentage of an extract (e.g., less than about 50%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of the components contained in an extract) but still provide most of the desired biological activity. Any contemplated composition containing a major active ingredient may also contain minor active ingredients that may or may not contribute to the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical activity of the enriched composition, but not to the level of major active components, and minor active components alone may not be effective in the absence of a major active ingredient.

As used herein, the phrases “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refer to that amount of a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition that, when administered to a mammal, such as a human, is sufficient to effect treatment, including any one or more of: (1) treating or preventing damage of liver cells in a mammal; (2) promoting liver health; (3) preserve detoxification and anti-oxidation liver enzymes in a mammal; (4) increasing liver detoxification capacity in a mammal; (5) treating or preventing liver diseases in a mammal; (6) modifying inflammation of a liver in a mammal; and (7) improving liver renewal function. The amount of a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition that constitutes a “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound, the condition being treated and its severity, the manner of administration, the duration of treatment, or the body weight and age of a subject to be treated, but can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure.

“Supplements”, as used herein, refers to a product, compound and/or composition that improves, promotes, supports, increases, regulates, manages, controls, maintains, optimizes, modifies, reduces, inhibits, or prevents a particular condition, structure or function associated with a natural state or biological process (i.e., are not used to diagnose, treat, mitigate, cure, or prevent disease). In certain embodiments, a supplement is a dietary supplement. For example, with regard to liver health-related conditions, dietary supplements may be used for maintaining liver function, minimizing liver cell damage, promoting healthy liver, protecting the liver's antioxidation integrity, neutralizing toxins, diminishing the action of free radicals that affecting liver health, scavenging reactive oxygen species, reducing oxidative stress, preventing the formation of toxic metabolisms, improving liver detoxification capacity and/or function, liver cleansing, restoring liver structure, protecting liver cells from toxins, helping the liver's blood flow and circulation, supporting liver function, fortifying and soothing the liver, calming and tonifying the liver, alleviating liver pain, purging harmful chemicals and organisms, supporting the liver's metabolic process, alleviating liver discomfort, alleviating fatty liver, improving liver detoxification capacity, lowering liver enzymes, providing natural oxidants, increasing SOD, increasing GSH, reducing liver cell peroxidation, reducing fatty acid accumulation, maintaining healthy anti-inflammatory process, improving liver immune function, promoting liver cell regeneration, improving liver renewal function, stimulating bile release, promoting healthy bile flow, liver rejuvenating, or the like of a mammal. In certain embodiments, dietary supplements are a special category of diet, food or both and are not a drug.

The terms “treating” or “treatment” or “ameliorating” may be used interchangeably and refer to either a therapeutic treatment or prophylactic/preventative treatment of a disease or condition of interest in a mammal, such as a human, having or suspected of having a disease or condition of interest, and includes: (i) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease or condition, i.e., arresting its development; (iii) relieving the disease or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease or condition; or (iv) relieving the symptoms resulting from the disease or condition, (e.g., relieving pain, reducing inflammation, reducing loss of detoxification capacity) without addressing the underlying disease or condition.

As used herein, the terms “disease” and “condition” may be used interchangeably or may be different in that the particular malady or condition may not have a known causative agent (so that etiology has not yet been worked out), and it is therefore not yet recognized as a disease but only as an undesirable condition or syndrome, wherein a more or less specific set of symptoms have been identified by clinicians. In certain embodiments, contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions, compositions and methods are used to treat, for example, hepatitis, alcohol liver diseases, cirrhosis or both.

As used herein, “statistical significance” refers to a p value of 0.050 or less as calculated using the Students t-test and indicates that it is unlikely that a particular event or result being measured has arisen by chance.

The chemical naming protocol and any structure diagrams used herein are a modified form of the I.U.P.A.C. nomenclature system, using the ACD/Name Version 9.07 software program or ChemDraw Ultra Version 11.0 software naming program (CambridgeSoft), wherein the compounds of this disclosure are named herein as derivatives of the central core structure, e.g., the imidazopyridine structure. For complex chemical names utilized herein, a substituent group is named before the group to which it attaches. For example, cyclopropylethyl comprises an ethyl backbone with cyclopropyl substituent.

In certain embodiments, contemplated compounds and compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical, nutraceutical) may be administered in an amount sufficient to promote liver health; improve liver health; maintain liver health; treat or manage liver health; support liver health; support a normal and comfortable range of liver detox function; improve free radical clearance capacity of liver; reduce the damage of harmful free radicals derived from chemicals, drugs, metabolites, and biological toxins; preserve enzymes that affect liver health, protects from chronic oxidative stress caused liver injury due to Hepatitis B/C virus infection, alcohol consumption, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease, hepatic encephalopathy, liver fibroproliferative disease (hepatic fibrosis), hepatocyte injury during hypoxia/reoxygenation, or any combination thereof; or any other associated indication described herein, and generally with acceptable toxicity to a patient.

In certain other embodiments, contemplated compounds and compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical, nutraceutical) may be administered in an amount sufficient to treat a liver disorder or disease comprising viral hepatitis, alcohol hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, alcohol liver disease, fatty liver disease, steatosis, steatohepatitis, non-alcohol fatty liver disease, drug-induced liver disease, cirrhosis, fibrosis, liver failure, drug induced liver failure, metabolic syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, primary biliary cirrhosis, bile capillaries, Gilbert's syndrome, jaundice, or any other liver toxicity associated indication or combination thereof, and generally with acceptable toxicity to a patient.

Administration of contemplated compounds, medicinal compositions or compositions, or their pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration of agents for serving similar utilities. Contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions can be prepared by combining a contemplated compound with an appropriate pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and may be formulated into preparations in solid, semi solid, liquid or gaseous forms, such as tablets, capsules, powders, granules, ointments, solutions, suppositories, injections, inhalants, gels, microspheres, and aerosols. Typical routes of administering such pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions include oral, topical, transdermal, inhalation, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, or intranasal.

The term “parenteral”, as used herein, includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques. Contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions are formulated so as to allow the active ingredients contained therein to be bioavailable upon or soon after administration of the composition to a patient. In some embodiments, contemplated compositions and compounds may be designed or formulated so that they may be time-released after administration.

In certain embodiments, contemplated compositions are administered to a subject or patient in the form of one or more dosage units, where, for example, a tablet may be a single dosage unit, and a container of a contemplated compound in aerosol form may hold a plurality of dosage units. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, 2000). A contemplated composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a contemplated compound, or a pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease or condition of interest in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be in the form of a solid or liquid. In one aspect, the carrier(s) are particulate, so that the compositions are, for example, in tablet or powder form. The carrier(s) may be liquid, with the compositions being, for example, oral syrup, injectable liquid or an aerosol, which is useful in, for example, inhalatory administration.

When intended for oral administration, the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition is in either solid or liquid form, where semi solid, semi liquid, suspension and gel forms are included within the forms considered herein as either solid or liquid.

As a solid composition for oral administration, the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be formulated into a powder, granule, compressed tablet, pill, capsule, chewing gum, wafer, bar, or like form. Such a solid composition will typically contain one or more inert diluents or edible carriers. In addition, one or more of the following may be present: binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, cyclodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; excipients such as starch, lactose or dextrins, disintegrating agents such as alginic acid, sodium alginate, Primojel®, corn starch and the like; lubricants such as magnesium stearate or Sterotex®; glidants such as colloidal silicon dioxide; sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin; a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate or orange flavoring; and a coloring agent.

When the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition is in the form of a capsule, for example, a gelatin capsule, it may contain, in addition to materials of the above type, a liquid carrier such as polyethylene glycol or oil.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be in the form of a liquid, for example, an elixir, syrup, gel, solution, emulsion or suspension. The liquid may be for oral administration or for delivery by injection, as two examples. When intended for oral administration, a useful composition contains, in addition to the present compounds, one or more of a sweetening agent, preservatives, dye/colorant and flavor enhancer. In a composition intended to be administered by injection, one or more of a surfactant, preservative, wetting agent, dispersing agent, suspending agent, buffer, stabilizer and isotonic agent may be included.

A contemplated liquid pharmaceutical or nutraceutical compositions, whether they be solutions, suspensions or other like form, may include one or more of the following adjuvants: sterile diluents such as water for injection, saline solution, such as physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride, fixed oils such as synthetic mono or diglycerides which may serve as the solvent or suspending medium, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl paraben; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. Physiological saline is a generally useful adjuvant. An injectable pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition is sterile.

A contemplated liquid pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition intended for either parenteral or oral administration should contain an amount of a contemplated compound, medicinal composition or composition such that a suitable dosage will be obtained.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be intended for topical administration, in which case the carrier may suitably comprise a solution, emulsion, cream, lotion, ointment, or gel base. The base, for example, may comprise one or more of the following: petrolatum, lanolin, polyethylene glycols, bee wax, mineral oil, diluents such as water and alcohol, and emulsifiers and stabilizers. Thickening agents may be present in a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition for topical administration. If intended for transdermal administration, the composition may include a transdermal patch or iontophoresis device.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be intended for rectal administration, in the form, for example, of a suppository, which will melt in the rectum and release the drug. The composition for rectal administration may contain an oleaginous base as a suitable nonirritating excipient. Such bases include lanolin, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may include various materials, which modify the physical form of a solid or liquid dosage unit. For example, the composition may include materials that form a coating shell around the active ingredients. The materials that form the coating shell are typically inert, and may be selected from, for example, sugar, shellac, and other enteric coating agents. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be encased in a gelatin capsule.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition in solid or liquid form may include an agent that binds to the contemplated compound and thereby assists in the delivery of the compound. Suitable agents that may act in this capacity include a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody, a protein or a liposome.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition in solid or liquid form may include reducing the size of a particle to, for example, improve bioavailability. The size of a powder, granule, particle, microsphere, or the like in a composition, with or without an excipient, can be macro (e.g., visible to the eye or at least 100 μm in size), micro (e.g., may range from about 100 μm to about 100 nm in size), nano (e.g., may no more than 100 nm in size), and any size in between or any combination thereof to improve size and bulk density.

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may comprise or consist of dosage units that can be administered as an aerosol. The term aerosol is used to denote a variety of systems ranging from those of colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages. Delivery may be by a liquefied or compressed gas or by a suitable pump system that dispenses the active ingredients. Aerosols of compounds of this disclosure may be delivered in single phase, bi phasic, or tri phasic systems in order to deliver the active ingredient(s). Delivery of the aerosol includes the necessary container, activators, valves, subcontainers, and the like, which together may form a kit. One skilled in the art, without undue experimentation, may determine the most appropriate aerosol(s).

A contemplated pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition may be prepared by methodology well known in the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical art. For example, a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition intended to be administered by injection can be prepared by combining a contemplated compound with sterile, distilled water so as to form a solution. A surfactant may be added to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous solution or suspension. Surfactants are compounds that non-covalently interact with a contemplated compound so as to facilitate dissolution or homogeneous suspension of the compound in the aqueous delivery system.

Contemplated compounds, compositions and medicinal compositions, or their pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount, which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disorder or condition; and the subject undergoing therapy.

Contemplated compounds, compositions and medicinal compositions, or pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, may also be administered simultaneously with, prior to, or after administration of one or more other therapeutic agents. Such combination therapy includes administration of a single pharmaceutical or nutraceutical dosage formulation that contains a contemplated compound and one or more additional active agents, as well as administration of a contemplated compound and each active agent in its own separate pharmaceutical or nutraceutical dosage formulation. For example, a contemplated compound and another active agent can be administered to the patient together in a single oral dosage composition, such as a tablet or capsule, or each agent can be administered in separate oral dosage formulations. Where separate dosage formulations are used, contemplated compounds and one or more additional active agents can be administered at essentially the same time, i.e., concurrently, or at separate staggered times, i.e., sequentially; combination therapy is understood to include all these regimens.

It is understood that in the present description, combinations of substituents or variables of the depicted formulae are permissible only if such contributions result in stable compounds.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in the process described herein the functional groups of intermediate compounds may need to be protected by suitable protecting groups. Such functional groups include hydroxy, amino, mercapto and carboxylic acid. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxy include trialkylsilyl or diarylalkylsilyl (for example, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl or trimethylsilyl), tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for amino, amidino and guanidino include t-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, and the like. Suitable protecting groups for mercapto include C(O)R″ (where R″ is alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl), p-methoxybenzyl, trityl and the like. Suitable protecting groups for carboxylic acid include alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl esters. Protecting groups may be added or removed in accordance with standard techniques, which are known to one skilled in the art and as described herein. The use of protecting groups is described in detail in Green, T. W. and P. G. M. Wutz, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1999), 3rd Ed., Wiley, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. As one of skill in the art would appreciate, a protecting group may also be a polymer resin such as a Wang resin, Rink resin or a 2-chlorotrityl-chloride resin.

It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art, although such protected derivatives of contemplated compounds may not possess pharmacological activity as such, they may be administered to a mammal and thereafter metabolized in the body to form compounds which are pharmacologically active. Such derivatives may therefore be described as “prodrugs”. All prodrugs of contemplated compounds are included within the scope of this disclosure.

Furthermore, contemplated compounds that exist in free base or acid form can be converted to their pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic base or acid by methods known to one skilled in the art. Salts of contemplated compounds can be converted to their free base or acid form by standard techniques.

In some embodiments, contemplated compounds, compositions and/or medicinal compositions can be isolated from plant sources, for example, from those plants included in the Examples and elsewhere throughout the present application. Suitable plant parts for isolation of contemplated extracts and compounds include leaves, bark, trunk, trunk bark, stems, stem bark, twigs, tubers, root, root bark, bark surface (such as periderm or polyderm, which may include phellem, phellogen, phelloderm, or any combination thereof), young shoots, rhizomes, seed, fruit, androecium, gynoecium, calyx, stamen, petal, sepal, carpel (pistil), flower, or any combination thereof. Contemplated plant extracts are derived from at least one plant part selected from the group consisting of stems, stem barks, trunks, trunk barks, twigs, tubers, roots, root barks, young shoots, seeds, rhizomes, flowers and other reproductive organs, leaves, other aerial parts or a combination thereof. In some related embodiments, contemplated compounds are isolated from plant sources and synthetically modified to contain any of the recited substituents. In this regard, synthetic modification of contemplated compounds isolated from plants can be accomplished using any number of techniques that are known in the art and are well within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Animals

Purpose bred mice at the age of 7-8 weeks with body weight of 25-30 g were purchased form Charles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass.). Animals were acclimated upon arrival for a week before being weighed and assigned randomly to their respective groups. ICR mice (5/cage) were housed in a polypropylene cage and individually identified by numbers on their tail. Each cage was covered with wire bar lid and filtered top (Allentown, N.J.). Each individual cage was identified with a cage card indicating project number, test article, dose level, group, and an animal number. The Harlan T7087 soft cob bedding was used and changed at least twice weekly. Animals were provided with fresh water and rodent chow diet #T2018 (Harlan Teklad, 370W, Kent, Wash.) ad libitum and were housed in a temperature controlled room (22.2° C.) on a 12-hour light-dark cycle. All animal experiments were conducted according to institutional guidelines congruent with guide for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Example 2: Acetaminophen (APAP) or Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL₄)-Induced Liver Damage Animal Models

A balanced therapeutic schedule was generated and optimized as follows to address prophylaxis and intervention: for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity model, APAP (Lot #MKBQ8028V, from Sigma) at a dose of 400 mg/kg dissolved in warm saline (Lot #132908 from G-Biosciences, Lot #720729 from Quality Biological) (heated to 60° C. and cooled down to ambient temperature) was orally administered to overnight fasted ICR/CD-1 mice to induce toxicity. For the CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model, CCl₄ (Lot #SHBD5351V, from Sigma) at a dose of 25 μl/kg dissolved in corn oil was administered intraperitoneally to overnight fasted ICR/CD-1 mice to induce toxicity. For both models, materials were administered at −48 hr, −24 hr, −2 hr before APAP or CCl₄ administrations and +6 hr after induction. In total, the mice received 3 doses before the chemical induction and a dose after the chemical induction. 10% Tween-20 (Lot #0134C141 from Amresco), 1% CMC (Lot #NH0454 from Spectra) or 1% MC (Lot #SLBK4357V) were used as a carrier vehicle for all the materials. Control mice without APAP or CCl₄ received carrier vehicle only. Serum ALT was determined at T24 (Phoenix Laboratories, Everett, Wash.).

Example 3: Preparation of Plant Extracts

Plants were collected and prepared with different solvents based on their active compounds properties and screened in our hepatotoxicity animal models in mice. The following 19 plants in Table 1, including different parts from 16 species, showed serum ALT inhibition at different levels either in acetaminophen induced model or CCl₄ induced model in mice. Only plants with efficacies in both models will be selected for further studies.

Milk thistle extracts were produced as 80% ethanol/20% water extracts of Silybum marianum seeds with an extraction ratio of 40-50:1. The ground seed was extracted with 80% ethanol/20% water, and then the cake was separated from the supernatant by filtration. The solvent was removed in vavuo to give a soft extract, which was mixed with maltodextrin and further dried with spray dryer. Milk thistle extracts was standardized to meet specification of no less than 50% total silymarins and no less than 30% silybinin. Silymarin is made up of a mixture of flavonolignans silibinin, silidianin, and silicristin. Silibinin is the major active constituent of silymarin. Standardized extract of the milk thistle seeds is commercially available.

As disclosed earlier, N931 is a composition containing a unique combination of 1-4% aloesin and 96-99% 200:1 Aloe vera inner leaf gel powder polysaccharides blended via a conventional method. Aloe vera inner leaf gel powder polysaccharides were supplied by Aloecorp in the form of the lyophilizate. The rind was removed manually from the fresh cleaned leaves of the Aloe barbadensis plant, and then the aloe juice was collected and treated with cellulase to deactivate the enzyme. Activated Charcoal was used to remove the color during the enzyme deactivation. The decolorized filtrate was further transfer into the lyophilization traps to give the Aloe vera inner leaf gel power, which is blended with 1-4% aloesin to make N931.

TABLE 1 Summary of plant extracts for in vivo liver protection evaluation Extraction Extraction Marker Plant Name Code Plant Part Method Yield Content Silybum — Seeds 80% EtOH 40-50:1   32%-66% marianum extract Silymarin N931 N931 leaf Whole leaf gel 200:1  1-4% Aloesin Morus alba E1374 fruit water extract  4:1 — Morus alba E1375 leaf extract 10:1 DNJ 1% Morus alba RM605 root bark 70% ethanol 14.7% NLT 7% extract actives Morua alba E1377 stem water extract 10:1 — Cudrania RN417-01-01 leaf 70% ethanol — — tricuspidata extract Hovenia E1388 fruit water extract 10:1 — dulcis Artemisia R00594 aerial parts 70% ethanol 20.9% NLT 3% capillaris extract chlorogenic acid, NLT 6% total chlorogenic acids Schizandra L0498 Fruit 70% extract 17.4% 2% chinensis schizandrins Citrus R00590 Pericarpium 70% ethanol 40.1% — reticulata extract Gynostemma R00596 whole plant 70% ethanol 21.5% — pentaphyllum extract Agrimonia E1399 leaf 40% extract — Luteolin eupatoria 7-glucuronide 3.2 ± 0.64 mg/g Paeonia L0503 roots extract — 10% lactiflora paeoniflorin

Example 4: Liver Protection Activity of Plant Extracts on APAP and CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model

Plant materials from legacy mining collected based on their historical usage on liver protection and renewal were extracted using 70% ethanol and screened for their efficacy in both APAP and CCl₄-induced liver toxicity. Materials were administered to animals orally at a dosage specified in Tables 2-3. While most plant extracts showed inhibition of serum ALT in one model, a few plants demonstrated their efficacy in both models. Among those, Schizandra chinensis, Artemisia capillaris, Milk thistle and Loesyn were selected for further studies.

TABLE 2 Percent inhibition of serum ALT for plant extracts in CCl₄-induced liver toxicity model Dosage % inhibition Plant Name Plant Part Code (mg/kg) of ALT p-values Agrimonia eupatoria leaf E1399 500 67.6 Milk thistle seeds F140520008 200 39.0 0.04 N931 (2% Alosin) leaf QMA2 400 40.5 0.01 Citrus reticulata pericarpium R00590 500 22.4 0.29 Raphanus sativus seed R00593 500 6.4 0.76 Artemisia capillaris whole plant R00594 500 24.4 0.20 (lab scale) Crataegus pinnatifida fruit R00595 500 1.3 0.95 Gynostemma whole plant R00596 500 23.3 0.29 pentaphyllum Angelica sinensis roots L0495 500 10.6 0.38 Schizandra chinensis fruit L0498 400 38.1 0.04 Lycium barbarum fruit L0505 500 6.5 0.68 Paeonia lactiflora roots L0503 500 23.3 0.09 Dolicho LablabL. seed R00601 500 17.7 0.20 Korean Gim extract sea weed E1387 500 6.7 0.17 (Porphyra sp) Artemisia capillaris whole plant R0684 400 42.7 0.01 Artemisia dracunculus leaf R0637 500 28.92 0.14

TABLE 3 Percent inhibition of serum ALT for plant extracts in APAP-induced liver toxicity model Dosage % inhibition Plant Name Plant Part CODE (mg/kg) of ALT P-value Milk thistle Seeds F140520008 100 23.6 0.35 Loesyn (2%) leaf QMA2 400 30.7 0.28 Cudrania tricuspidata leaf RN417-01-01/02 500 82.0 0.001 (leaf) Agrimonia eupatoria leaf E1399 500 13.1 0.61 Hovenia dulcis — E1388 500 93.9 0.001 Schizandra chinensis fruit L0498 400 41.4 0.04 (2%) Morus alba stem E1377 500 51.5 0.05 Morus alba leaves/twig E1375 500 40.4 0.01 Morus alba fruit E1374 1000 51.5 0.005 Korean Gim extract seaweed E1387 500 6.9 0.84 (Porphyra sp) Artemisia capillaris whole plant R00594 500 47.0 0.02 Taraxacum officinale young leaf R00628 500 21.8 0.38 Taraxacum officinale roots R00640 500 16.9 0.48

Example 5: Dose-Response Effect of Selected Plant Extracts in APAP Model

Morus leaf (E1375), morus fruit (E1374), morus stem (E1377), Artemisia capillaris (R0594), and Schizandra chinensis (2%) (L0498) were tested at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity model as the method described above. 10% tween 20 was used as a carrier vehicle for all the materials. Control mice without APAP received vehicle (10% tween 20) only. Serum ALT was determined at T24. As seen in the Table 4 below, two plant materials such Schizandra chinensis (2%) (L0498) and Artemisia capillaris (R0594) showed 36.8%, and 32.2% inhibitions in serum ALT level, respectively, at a dose of 300 mg/kg. These reductions were statistically significant. While L0498 showed a 100% survival rate at a dose of 300 mg/kg, R0594 had a 90% survival rate. At the lowest dose (100 mg/kg), L0498 showed only a 30% survival rate. Whereas, R0594 had 70% survival rate at this dose. Regardless of the dose, survival rates in all morus extracts were as low as 40. These high mortality rates led to inconclusive percent reductions in serum ALT levels. Hence, Schizandra chinensis (2%) (L0498) and Artemisia capillaris (R0594) could be considered as true hits in this model with optimum efficacy at about 300 mg/kg.

TABLE 4 Dose-response study using APAP induced hepatotoxicity model summary Group N Material Code Part Dose APAP % P- Survival G-1 5 Control (−) — — 0 0 — — 100 G-2 10 Acetaminophen APAP — 0 400 — — 80 G-3 10 Morus alba E1374 Fruit 300 400 26.6 0.07 70 G-4 10 E1374 200 400 25.6 0.15 70 G-5 10 E1374 100 400 24.0 0.15 80 G-6 10 E1375 Leaf 300 400 32.8 0.24 60 G-7 10 E1375 200 400 31.9 0.02 70 G-8 10 E1375 100 400 14.7 0.5 50 G-9 10 E1377 Stem 300 400 7.3 0.54 40 G-10 10 E1377 200 400 26.3 0.11 60 G-11 10 E1377 100 400 22.4 0.09 60 G-12 10 Schisandra L0498 Fruit 300 400 36.8 0.008 100 G-13 10 chinensis L0498 200 400 8.5 0.68 80 G-14 10 L0498 100 400 55.9 0.004 30 G-15 10 Artemisia R0594 Whole 300 400 32.2 0.04 90 G-16 10 capillaris R0594 200 400 21.0 0.16 90 G-17 10 R0594 100 400 10.7 0.66 70

Example 6: Dose-Response Effect of Selected Plant Extracts in CCl₄ Model

Agrimonia eupatoria (E1399) and Loesyn (QMA2) at doses of 400 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 200 mgkg; Artemisia capillaris (R0594), and Schizandra chinensis (2%) (L0498) at doses of 400 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg were tested on CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model as described above. 10% Tween-20 was used as a carrier vehicle for all the materials. Control mice without CCl₄ received vehicle (10% Tween-20) only. Serum ALT was determined at T24.

As seen in Table 5 below, dose correlated reduction in serum ALT levels were observed almost for all the extracts. The highest reductions in serum ALT levels were observed for mice treated with 400 mg/kg of Artemisia capillaris (R0594) (48.0%) followed by 300 mg/kg of the same plant material (29.9%). These reductions were statistically significant. At 400 mg/kg, both Agrimonia and Loesyn showed very similar level of reduction in ALT level (i.e. 28%) with P-values of 0.07 and 0.04, respectively. There was a 100% survival rate for all the groups including vehicle treated CCl₄ control. At lease in this batch Artemisia capillaris (R0594) showed superiority in inhibition of serum ALT level than any of the other hits tested.

TABLE 5 Dose-study using CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity model summary Dose CCl₄ Group N Material Code Part (mg/kg) (μl/kg) % Change P-values G-1 5 Control (−) — — 0 0 — — G-2 10 Carbon CCl₄ — 0 25 — — tetrachloride G-3 10 Agrimonia E1399 — 400 25 28.2 0.07 eupatoria G-4 10 Agrimonia E1399 — 300 25 19.5 0.18 eupatoria G-5 10 Agrimonia E1399 — 200 25 20.5 0.28 eupatoria G-6 10 N931 (2% alosin) QMA2 — 400 25 28.6 0.04 G-7 10 N931 (2% alosin) QMA2 — 300 25 22.0 0.16 G-8 10 N931 (2% alosin) QMA2 — 200 25 12.8 0.54 G-9 10 Artemisia capillaris R0594 Whole 400 25 48.0 0.002 G-10 10 Artemisia capillaris R0594 Whole 300 25 29.9 0.06 G-11 10 Schisandra L0498 Fruit 400 25 24.1 0.15 chinensis G-12 10 Schisandra L0498 Fruit 300 25 17.7 0.22 chinensis

Example 7: Preparation of Organic Extracts of Artemisia Capillaris

Dried ground aerial parts Artemisia capillaris (2.5 kg) were cut, crushed, and then extracted with approximately 15-fold volume (37.5 L) of 70% ethyl alcohol in water (v/v). The extraction was carried out at 85° C. for 3 hrs. After filtration, the ethanol solution was concentrated by rotatory evaporator under vacuum at 40° C. This extraction and concentration procedure was repeated two times with 10 fold volume (25 L) of 70% ethyl alcohol in water (v/v) for 2 hrs. The concentrated extract solution was evaporated to dryness by vacuum dry oven to give 480 g of Artemisia capillaris 70% EtOH extract powder (lot #RN367-3-60M) with extraction yield 19.2%.

Dried ground Artemisia capillaris herb (180.4) g was extracted with 70% ethanol in water three times by refluxing one hour each time. The organic solution was combined and evaporated under vacuum to provide 70% ethanol extract (R594-70EE) 37.7 g with a yield of 20.9%. Similar results were obtained using the same procedure, but with the organic solvent being replaced with methanol or ethanol to provide a methanol extract (ME) or ethanol extract (EE), Ethanol:H₂O (7:3) extracts, Ethanol:H₂O (1:1) extracts, Ethanol:H₂O (3:7) extracts and water extracts respectively. The solvent extraction process is summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Summary of solvent extraction of dried ground aerial parts of Artemisia capillaris Sample Code Extraction Solvent Extraction Yield (%) R684-100EE 100% EtOH  11.7 R684-70EE 70% EtOH 19.2 R684-50EE 50% EtOH 22.5 R684-30EE 30% EtOH 22.9 R684-W Water 25.7 R594-70EE 70% EtOH 20.9 RN425-6-70EE 70% EtOH 17.9 RN425-7-70EE 70% EtOH 18 RN425-8-70EE 70% EtOH 17.4 RN425-11-70EE 70% EtOH 19.2 RN425-12-70EE 70% EtOH 19.2 RN425-13-70EE 70% EtOH 19.2 RN425-14-70EE 70% EtOH 19.1

Example 8: Bioassay-Guided Fractionation of Artemisia Capillaris Extracts

The Artemisia capillaris 70% ethanol extract (RN425-7-70EE, 20 g) was partitioned between hexanes (200 mL) and water (250 mL) for three times. The combined hexanes solution was freed from solvent by vacuum to give hexanes extract (HE) 1.43 g. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (200 mL) for three times. The combined ethyl acetate layers were dried out in vacuum to give the ethyl acetate extract (EA) 2.29 g. The aqueous layer was further extracted with butanol (200 mL) for three times to give butanol extract (BU) 3.70 g. The remaining aqueous layer was freeze-dried to give aqueous extract (WA) 15.3 g. The 70% EE and HE, EA, BU and WA were tested for in CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity model in mice. HE, EA, BU were inactive, while 70% EE showed 25.27% ALT inhibition at 400 mg/kg and WA fraction showed 37.49% inhibition at 300 mg/kg level with P 0.05.

The active fraction WA was further fractionated by HP20SS chromatography. WA (4.4 g) was dissolved in 20% EtOH in water and loaded to one HP20SS (Diaion, Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Japan, 160 g) column pre-conditioned with 20% EtOH in water. The column was eluted with 800 mL 20% EtOH in water, 600 mL 40% EtOH in water, 400 mL 60% EtOH, 200 mL 80% EtOH, and finally washed with 200 mL EtOH and 200 mL acetone. Two major fractions HP-01 (3.67 g, 83.4%) and HP-02 (305.7 mg, 6.95%) were collected and tested in the CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity mice model. The major components of HP-01 are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. HP-02 contains mainly polyphenols. HP-01 demonstrated similar ALT inhibition compared to WA with 32.86% inhibition at 300 mg/kg. HP-02 is inactive in the same model indicating polyphenol is not contributing to the activity of this plant.

The active fraction HP-01 was further fractionated by a LH-20 open column. HP-01 (1.06 g) was dissolved in water and loaded to one LH-20 column preconditioned in water and with a gradient elution by MeOH/H2O to give 4 fractions, LH-01 (43.4 mg, 4.26%), LH-02 (799.6 mg, 78.5%), Chlorogenic acid (LH-03, 45.4 mg, 4.5%) and LH-04 (23.1 mg, 2.27%). Only the major fraction LH-02 was tested in the in vivo study due to the sample limitations. LH-02, 78.5% of HP-01, didn't show any efficacy in the CCl₄ induced animal model at 300 mg/kg level. Chlorogenic acid (C3878, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), a constituent of HP-01 with a ratio of about 4.5%, didn't show any inhibition when tested at 200 mg/kg level. The in vivo data of the present study clearly demonstrated that water soluble components, other than chlorogenic acid and polyphenols, are responsible for the hepatoprotective activity of Artemisia extract. The active polysaccharides content is less than 10% of the WA fraction. This information is summarized in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Hepatoprotective efficacy of fractions and compounds of R684-70EE Dose Sample code (mg/kg) CCl4 Dosage % Change of ALT p values R684-70EE 400 25 25.27 0.040 R684-HE 300 25 −2.26 0.864 R684-EA 300 25 13.78 0.359 R684-BU 300 25 14.96 0.219 R684-WA 300 25 37.49 0.003 HP-01 300 25 32.86 0.054 HP-02 300 25 −10.03 0.537 LH-02 300 25 −0.73 0.961 Chlorogenic 200 25 −24.14 0.192 acid

Example 9: Fraction Separation of Active HP-1 Sample by Membrane Dialysis

The liver protective fraction—HP-01 as shown in Example 8 and Table 7 from Artemisia capillaris was dissolved in appropriate volume of distilled water and dialyzed in the dialysis membrane tubes against distilled water (cut-off MW 2000) for 3h each time and for 3 times. Both the retained and combined dialyzed solutions were freezing-dried to give two samples DA-1 (MW>2000, 13.79%) and DA-2 (MW<2000, 84.54%). DA-2 was further dialyzed with molecular weight cutoff at 500 following the same procedure as the previous dialysis. DA-3 (500<MW<2000, 16.7%) and DA-4 (MW<500, 79.7%) were collected. DA-1, DA-3, and DA-4 were tested in the CCl₄ induced mice model. DA-1 with molecular weight above 2000 showed the highest inhibition in serum ALT level with statistical significance compared with DA-3 and DA-4. Molecular weight under 500 didn't show any efficacy in this in vivo model. This information is summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Hepatoprotective efficacy of dialysis samples of HP-01 Sample Molecular Dose CCl4 % Reduction code Weight Content % (mg/kg) Dosage of ALT p values DA-1 MW > 2000 13.79% 300 25 47.47 0.04 DA-3 500 < MW < 2000 16.7% 300 25 39.19 0.09 DA-4 MW < 500  79.7% 300 25 −14.14 0.441

Example 10: HPLC Analysis and Quantification of Artemisia Capillaris Extracts

The marker compounds chlorogenic acid (1, C3878, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), and dicaffeoyl acids (2-3) in the Artemisia capillaris extracts were identified based on LCMS analysis and literature reports and quantified with a C18 reversed-phase column (Phenomenex, Luna C18, 10 μm, 250 mm×4.6 mm) in a Hitachi HPLC system with UV wavelength 320 nm. The column was eluted with a binary gradient of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in water and acetonitrile at 1 mL/min flow rate. The compounds 1-3 were quantified based on the reference compound chlorogenic acid. The chlorogenic acid content in 70% EE of Artemisia capillaris collected from different sources varied in a range of 1.5-4.8% (w/w) based on the calculation of peak area. This information is summarized in Tables 9-10.

TABLE 9 HPLC gradient table of Artemisia analysis Time (min) 0.1% TFA/H₂O (%) ACN (%) 0 90 10 5 90 10 15 80 20 30 60 40 31 0 100 34 0 100 34.1 90 10 40 90 10

TABLE 10 Chlorogenic acids * content in Artemisia capillaris 70% ethanol extract Sample ID 1 (%) 2 (%) 3 (%) Total 1-3 (%) R684-70EE 4.72% 3.57% 2.35% 10.63% R594-70EE 1.56% 1.51% 0.72% 3.80% L0523 3.12% 1.48% 1.73% 6.33% Honsea 2.31% 2.60% 3.32% 8.23% E1466 4.55% 3.02% 2.18% 9.76% E1453 1.83% 1.17% 1.13% 4.13% RN425-6-70EE 4.17% 2.33% 2.07% 8.56% RN425-7-70EE 3.97% 2.60% 2.34% 8.91% RN425-8-70EE 3.90% 2.57% 2.26% 8.73% RN425-11-70EE 3.14% 3.30% 2.10% 8.54% RN425-12-70EE 5.05% 3.56% 2.52% 11.12% RN425-13-70EE 3.60% 3.49% 2.02% 9.11% RN425-14-70EE 4.79% 4.12% 2.08% 11.00% * Chlorogenic acid was used as the standard compound for quantification of all three peaks (1-3)

Example 11: Catechin Quantification of Artemisia Capillaris Extracts

Catechins in water fraction (WA) of Artemisia capillaris extracts was quantified by HPLC method. A Hitachi HPLC/PDA system with a C18 reversed-phase column (Phenomenex, USA, Luna 5 um, 250 mm×4.6 mm) was used for the catechins detection and quantitation at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with column temperature at 35° C. at a UV wavelength of 275 nm. Epicatechin (E1753, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was not detected in all Artemisia samples, and only low content catechin was detected and quantified based on the catechin standard (C1251, Sigma-Aldrich, USA). The catechin content in the WA fraction of the Artemisia capillaris extracts, in a range of 0.02-0.32%, is not relevant to the liver protection properties of Artemisia extracts based on our in vivo study results. This information is summarized in Tables 11-12.

TABLE 11 Gradient table of HPLC analytical method Time (min) 0.1% H₃PO₄/H₂O (%) ACN (%) 0.0 85.0 15.0 7.0 85.0 15.0 12.0 10.0 90.0 16.5 10.0 90.0 16.6 85.0 15.0 24.0 85.0 15.0

TABLE 12 Catechin quantification in Artemisia extract Sample name Catechin Epicatechin E1466-WA 0.09% ND E1453-WA 0.15% ND L523-WA 0.32% ND R684-WA 0.10% ND R594-WA 0.02% ND ND: not detected

Example 12: Separation of Polysaccharides by Membrane Dialysis

The rude polysaccharides of HP-01 from Artemisia capillaris was dissolved in appropriate volume of distilled water and dialyzed in the dialysis membrane tubes against distilled water (cut-off MW 2000) for 3h each time and for 3 times. Both the retained and combined dialyzed solutions were freezing-dried to give two samples DA-1 (MW>2000, 13.79%) and DA-2 (MW<2000, 84.54%). Both samples were tested in the CCl₄ induced mice model.

Example 13: Polysaccharides Analysis and Quantification by Gel Permeation Chromatography

The active fraction WA of Artemisia capillaris extracts were also analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography, which is a well-established method for assessing molecular weight distribution of polysaccharides. Artemisia capillaris polysaccharides were analyzed with a PolySep-SEC-P5000 column (Phenomenex, OOH-3145KO column, 300 mm×7.8 mm) by a Hitachi HPLC system quipped with a refractive index detector. The mobile phase was 0.1 M NaCl at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min for 25 min. 20 μL at a concentration of 10 mg/mL was injected for each sample. Polysaccharides were quantified in seven ranges divided to >2000, 2000-1000, 100-500, 500-200, 200-50, 50-10, <10 KDa based on six Dextran molecular weight standards (American polymer Standards). The molecular weight distribution for water fraction samples of different extracts was varied. The live protective activity is associated with higher molecular distribution. Although the total polysaccharides contents are similar, the weight distribution is quite different among the Artemisia capillaris samples. The higher content the larger polysaccharides are, the better efficacy was observed for the Artemisia capillaris. The molecular weight distribution is shown in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Molecular weight distribution of biopolymers in Artemisia extract MW distribution (kDa) 2000- 1000- 500- 200- 50- PSD >2000 1000 500 200 50 10 <10 (%) E1453-WA 1.2 6.6 11.7 16.9 38.2 25.3 0 0.36 L523-WA 0 0 0 13 82.7 4.3 0 0.33 E1466-WA 60.9 14.2 14.6 10.2 0.1 0 0 0.30 R594-WA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31

Example 14: Liver Protection Activity of Artemisia Capillaris Fractions on CCl₄ Model

CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model was utilized to evaluate liver protection activity of Artemisia capillaris fractions in hexane (HE), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BU) and water. Control mice received 10% Tween-20 only. Serum ALT was determined at T24. While Artemisia fractions were administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg, the start materials were administered at a dose of 400 mg/kg.

As seen in Table 14, the highest inhibition in serum ALT was observed for the mice treated with the water fraction of Artemisia at a dose of 300 mg/kg indicating the possibility of presence of active marker in this fraction. However, this does not exclude existence of other active markers in other fractions. The original material (R684) maintained its efficacy given at a dose of 400 mg/kg. There was a 100% survival rate for all the groups in this model.

TABLE 14 Activity of Artemisia capillaris fractions Dose CCl₄ % ALT Group N Material ID (mg/kg) (μl/kg) Change P-values G-1 5 Control (−) — 0 0 — — G-2 10 CCl₄ — 0 25 — — G-3 10 R684-HE RN425-7-HE 300 25 −2.3 0.864 G-4 10 R684-EA RN425-7-EA 300 25 13.8 0.359 G-5 10 R684-BU RN425-7-BU 300 25 15.0 0.219 G-6 10 R684-WA RN425-7-WA 300 25 37.5 0.003 G-7 10 R684 R684 400 25 25.3 0.040

Example 15: Preparation of Organic Extracts from Schisandra Chinensis Fruit

A total of 20 g of dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis were loaded into two 100 ml stainless steel tube and extracted twice with an organic 70% EtOH in water using an ASE 300 automatic extractor at 80 degree and pressure 1500 psi. The extract solution was automatically filtered and collected. The combined solution was evaporated to dryness by rotary evaporator to give crude 70% EtOH extract (9.65 g, 49.5%).

Similar results were obtained using the same procedure, but with the organic solvent being replaced with methanol or ethanol to provide a methanol extract (ME) or ethanol extract (EE), ethanol:H₂O (7:3) extracts, ethanol:H₂O (1:1) extracts, ethanol:H₂O (3:7) extracts and water extracts respectively.

Schisandra chinensis extracts were manufactured with extraction of dried fruit by 70% ethanol/30% water (v/v). The extract was further processed to give extract in power form (Lot #) with no less than 2% total Schisandrins, including schisandrin, schisantherin A, schisandrin A (deoxyschisandrin), and schisandrin B.

Example 16: HPLC Analysis and Quantification of Schisandra Chinensis Extracts

Four active marker compounds, schisandrin (lot #110857, National Institute for Food and Control, China), schisantherin A (lot #11529-200503, National Institute for Food and Control, China), schisandrin A (deoxyschisandrin, lot #110764-200107, National Institute for Food and Control, China), and schisandrin B (lot #110765-200508, National Institute for Food and Control, China) were identified in Schisandra chinensis extracts and confirmed with Schisandra chinensis reference standard material (lot #140217, National Institute for Food and Control, China).

Active marker compounds were quantified by HPLC using a C18 reversed-phase column (Phenomenex, Luna C18, 10 μm, 250 mm×4.6 mm) in a Hitachi HPLC system with UV wavelength 250 nm by comparing to the reference standard material. The column was eluted with water and acetonitrile at 1 mL/min flow rate. A gradient table for this Example is shown in Table 15. Each individual peak was identified and integrated, and then total content of four compounds including schisandrins, schisantherin A, schisandrin A and schisandrin B were calculated based on RSM and that information is shown in Table 16.

TABLE 15 HPLC mobile phase gradient table for Schisandra chinensis extracts quantification Time (min) H₂O (%) ACN (%) 0 40 60 10 20 80 25 0 100 30 0 100 30.1 40 60 35 40 60

TABLE 16 Schisandins content in Schisandra chinensis extracts schisantherin schisandrin total Sample code Schisandrin A deoxyschisandrin B schisandrins L531 0.03% 0.87% 0.07% 0.04% 1.01% L0498 1.16% 0.10% 0.23% 0.58% 2.07% L499 3.80% 0.69% 0.77% 1.84% 7.10%

Example 17: HPLC Quantification of Organic Acids in Schisandra Fruit Extracts

The presence of malic acid, shikimic acid and citric acid in 70% EtOH extracts generated in-house from different collections have been confirmed and are set forth in the Table 17. The organic acids were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC using a Hypersil GOLD aQ column (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm), and under isocratic conditions for 20 minutes at 5° C. with 50 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (adjusted pH to 2.8 with H₃PO₄) as the mobile phase, and with the flow rate at 0.7 ml/min. The organic acids were detected using a UV detector at 205 nm and identified based on retention time by comparison with organic acids standards.

TABLE 17 HPLC quantification of Organic Acids Content in Extracts of Schisandra chinensis % % % Total % Extracts Malic acid Shikimic acid Citric acid Organic acid R768-70E-Fruit 8.2% 3.2% 22.5% 33.8% R685-70E-Fruit 15.5% 2.9% 26.5% 44.9% R767-70E-Fruit 10.6% 3.5% 32.4% 46.5% R597-70E-Fruit 14.4% 3.3% 18.8% 36.6% R768-70E-Meat 9.1% 2.4% 20.6% 32.2% R768-70E-Seed 4.9% 1.3% 8.5% 14.7% R685-70E-Seed 7.7% 1.3% 10.8% 19.9% R766-70E-Seed 0.8% 0.0% 1.3% 2.1% L498 0.1% 0.8% 0.0% 0.8% L499 0.3% 0.5% 0.0% 0.8% E1467 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% E1469 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% L529 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.2%

Example 18: Artemisia and Schisandra Extracts in Different Combinations for Liver Protection in APAP and CCl₄ Models

Once the lead plants such as Artemisia capillaries and Schisandra chinensis were selected, their efficacy in liver protection were assessed at different combination ratios at 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 in APAP and CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity models. The two plant combinations were coded as “SA” using the first letter of each plant, i.e. “S” for Schisandra chinensis and “A” for Artemisia capillaries. As seen in the Table 18 below, while all blends showed some sort of liver protection, the highest protection with statistically significant, 48.0% reductions as measured in serum ALT level were observed when mice were treated with a blend of Schizandra and Artemisia at a ratio of 2:1 with a total dose of 400 mg/kg. Similarly, in the CCl₄ model, the highest liver protection with statistically significant, 40.6% reductions as measured in serum ALT level were observed when mice were treated with a blend of Schizandra and Artemisia at a ratio of 1:2 with a total dose of 400 mg/kg. There was a 100% survival rate for this specific ratio in both models.

TABLE 18 Efficacy of composition SA in APAP/CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model Dose (mg/kg) APAP CCl₄ S-R0498:A- Dose % P- Dose % P- Group N Material Ratio R0684 (mg/kg) Change values (mg/kg) Change values G-1 5 Control (−) — 0 0 — — 0 — — G-2 10 APAP/CCL4 — 0 400 — — 25 — — G-3 10 Composition 4:1 320:80  400 23.1 0.32 25 8.8 0.46 #SA1 G-4 10 Composition 2:1 266.7:133.3 400 48.0 0.01 25 4.4 0.74 #SA2 G-5 10 Composition 1:1 200:200 400 24.4 0.27 25 17.8 0.13 #SA3 G-6 10 Composition 1:2 133.3:266.7 400 13.1 0.58 25 40.6 0.0003 #SA4 G-7 10 Composition 1:4  80:320 400 23.7 0.49 25 11.5 0.33 #SA5 The highest efficacy in liver protection were observed when Schisandra and Artemisia were blended in a 2S:1A (APAP model) and 1S:2A (CCl₄ model). As a result, these ratios were considered as hits.

Example 19: Preparation of Combination SAL Composition

A contemplated SAL Combination composition (lot #RN425-1501) was produced by blending of 320 g of Schisandra extract (lot #E1458), 263 g of Artemisia extract (lot #RN425-13), 377 g of Artemisia extract (lot #RN425-14) and 240 g of N931 (E1459 2% Aloesin) with Ribbon blender (Hankook P. M. EMG, Korea) at 30 rpm for 1 h to give 1.17 kg of SAL combination (lot #RN425-1501) at a ratio of Schisandra:Artemisia:N931=4:8:3 by weight.

Example 20: Evaluation of Liver Protection Activity of Blends of Schisandra Chinensis, Artemisia Capillaris and N931 in APAP/CCl₄ Models

Two of the lead blend ratios of Schisandra chinensis and Artemisia capillaries at 2S:1A (APAP model) and 1S:2A (CCl₄ model) were selected for further liver protection activity by adding a third lead component (Loesyn) and designated as SAL. “L” stands for the Loesyn. N931 was added at 10, 20 and 30% ratio by weight to the 2S:1A combination and at 10, 20 and 25% ratio by weight to the 1S:2A combinations. This composition was tested in APAP/CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model. Mice were treated with the composition SAL at a dose of 400 mg/kg. While all the compositions at a different ratio showed a certain degree of liver protection, as seen in Table 19, the highest reductions in serum ALT (51.9%, P=0.01) and hence highest protection was observed when mice were treated with SAL at a dose of 400 mg/kg in a ratio of 106.7/213.3/80, respectively. There was a 100% survival rate for this specific ratio in this model.

Similarly, While all the compositions at a different ratio showed a certain degree of liver protection, as seen in table 19, the highest reductions in serum ALT (42.3%, P=0.01) was observed when mice were treated with SAL at a dose of 400 mg/kg in a ratio of 106.7/213.3/80, respectively. There was a 100% survival rate for this specific ratio in this model.

TABLE 19 Efficacy of composition SAL in APAP/CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model Dose (mg/kg) Dose % P- Dose % P- Group N Material Ratio L498/R684/N931 (mg/kg) Change values (mg/kg) Change values G-1 5 Control (−) 0 0 — — 0 — — G-2 10 APAP/CCl₄ 0 400 — — 25 — — G-3 10 Composition (2:1) 186.7/93.3/120 400 23.3 0.12 25 26.1 0.09 #SAL1 10% G-4 10 Composition (1:2) 213.3/106.7/80 400 19.2 0.48 25 17.2 0.27 #SAL2 25% G-5 10 Composition (1:2) 240/120/40 400 44.8 0.02 25 37.8 0.05 #SAL3 20% G-6 10 Composition (1:2) 100/200/100 400 42.6 0.06 25 28.1 0.10 #SAL4 10% G-7 10 Composition (2:1) 106.7/213.3/80 400 51.9 0.01 25 42.3 0.01 #SAL5 30% G-8 10 Composition (2:1) 120/240/40 400 37.2 0.09 25 38.7 0.02 #SAL6 20%

While multiple compositions showed efficacy in protecting the liver, the highest protection were observed when 20% of Loesyn by weight was added in a 1S:2A ratio in both models yielding a final 4S:8A:3L ratio for the composition SAL. As a result, this ratio, 4S:8A:3L, was considered as the lead composition.

Example 21: Dose-Response Effect of Composition Comprising Schisandra Chinensis, Artemisia Capillaris and N931 in APAP and CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model

The optimum dosage of the composition SAL that would incur significant liver protection was evaluated both in APAP and CCl₄ induced models. Mice were gavaged orally the composition SAL at doses of 400 mg/kg, 325 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg suspended in 10% Tween-20. The vehicle control group received the carrier solution only. As seen in Table 20, in the APAP group, dose-correlated inhibitions in serum ALT were observed for the composition. 52.5% (p=0.001), 48.5% (p=0.012) and 34.6% (p=0.079) inhibitions were observed for mice treated with doses of 400 mg/kg, 325 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg SAL, respectively. Similarly, in the CCl₄ group, dose-correlated inhibitions in serum ALT were observed for the composition. 46.3% (p=0.003), 39.5% (p=0.007) and 29.9% (p=0.036) inhibitions were observed for mice treated with doses of 400 mg/kg, 325 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg SAL, respectively. There was a 100% survival rate for all the groups in both models. The composition SAL has provided statistically significant (CCL₄) protection in liver damage at a dosage level as low as 250 mg/kg at 1S:2A with a 20% L.

Here we tested the efficacy of individual plants such as Schisandra, Artemisia and Loesyn at a dosage equivalent to each plant ratio in the compassion SAL as they appear in 4S:8A:3L at the highest dose tested (400 mg/kg). As seen in the Table 20, an average of 20% inhibition with 70-80% survival rates was observed for these plants at the given dose.

TABLE 20 Dose-correlated liver protection of the composition SAL in APAP/CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model Dose (mg/kg) Dose % P- Dose % P- Group N Material Dose/code L498/R684/N931 (mg/kg) Change values (mg/kg) Change values G-1 5 Control (−) — 0 0 — — 0 — — G-2 10 APAP/CCl₄ — 0 400 — — 25 — — G-3 10 Composition 400 106.7/213.3/80 400 52.5 0.001 25 46.3 0.003 G-4 10 #SAL5 325 86.7/173.3/65 400 48.5 0.012 25 39.5 0.007 G-5 10 (1:2) 20% 250 66.7/133.3/50 400 34.6 0.079 25 29.9 0.036 G-6 10 Schizandra L498 106.7 400 18.4 0.280 25 17.5 0.210 G-7 10 Artemisia R684 213.3 400 20.8 0.466 25 22.8 0.110

Example 22: Evaluations of Synergy for the Composition SAL

Colby's equation (Colby, 1967) was utilized to evaluate the benefit of combining Schizandra chinensis, Artemisia capillaris and N931 in both APAP and CCL₄ model. As seen in the Table 21 below, the observed values were greater than the expected hypothetical values (A+B−C) in both the model indicating the existence of synergy in formulating three ingredients at a specific ratio to result in SAL. The merit of blending Schizandra, Artemisia and N931 was confirmed by their synergistic protection of liver damage caused by APAP and CCl₄.

TABLE 21 Unexpected synergistic activity of Schizandra chinensis, Artemisia capillaris and N931 in liver protection. SAL Dose (mg/kg) APAP CCL4 106.7 Schizandra (S) 18.4 17.5 213.3 Artemisia (A) 20.8 22.8 80.0 N931 (L) 20.8 15.0 (x + y + Z) = A 60.0 55.3 (xyz)/10000 = B 0.8 0.6 ((xy) + (xz) + (yz))/100 = C 12.0 10.0 400 Expected (SAL) 48.8 45.9 Observed (SAL) 52.8 46.3

Example 23: Liver Protection Activity of the SAL Composition Against Its Individual Components at a Dose of 300 mg/kg

Both APAP and CCl₄ induced liver toxicity models were utilized to compare the liver protection activity of the composition SAL against its individual components at a dose of 300 mg/kg using reduced serum ALT level as a measure of efficacy. 10% Tween-20 was used as a carrier vehicle for all the materials. Control mice received Tween-20 only. Besides serum ALT, liver panel such as T. protein, T. bilirubin, albumin, AST, and bile acid were measured for control, APAP/CCl₄, SAL, at T24.

TABLE 22 Serum ALT level of the composition SAL and individual components in APAP and CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity models at a dose of 300 mg/kg ALT APAP Model CCl₄ Model Stat. Control APAP SAL S A L Control CCL4 SAL S A L Mean 28.3 8052.0 4256.7 4651.7 4671.0 6715.6 22.0 10145.3 6393.1 6737.6 7361.7 6678.1 SD 4.5 1208.8 3917.9 1386.7 1967.9 3114.7 3.7 3121.8 3426.3 3751.8 1384.6 3295.5 P-values — — 0.05 0.001 0.01 0.38 — — 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 % — — 47.1 42.2 42.0 16.6 — — 37.0 33.6 27.4 34.2 Survival 100 60 90 70 50 70 100 100 100 100 100 100 rate (%)

As seen in Tables 23 and 24, AST as a measure of efficacy, the composition (SAL) showed enhanced liver damage protection than vehicle in the APAP model (i.e. 60.6%). Statistically significant 47.1, 42.2, 42.0, and 16.6% reductions in serum ALT were observed for mice treated with SAL, S (Schisandra), A (Artemisia) and L (N931) compared to vehicle group, respectively. The lowest survival rate (50%) was observed for mice treated with Artemisia.

Substantiating the APAP model, the composition SAL showed greater liver protection than each individual component at a dose of 300 mg/kg in the CCl₄ model using serum ALT as a measure of efficacy. In addition, using AST as a measure of efficacy, the composition (SAL) showed enhanced damage protection than vehicle (i.e. 32.5%). There was a 100% survival rate for all the groups in this model.

TABLE 23 Liver panel markers compared to vehicle treated mice in APAP model APAP Group AST Bile Acid T. bilirubin Albumin T. Protein Control 77.7 ± 28.3 1.0 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 2.67 ± 0.09 4.70 ± 0.24 Vehicle 4707.7 ± 2899.1 76.2 ± 24.8 0.5 ± 0.2 2.33 ± 0.20 4.43 ± 0.22 SAL  1855.7 ± 1859.6* 15.1 ± 5.7*  0.3 ± 0.1*  2.71 ± 0.12*  4.84 ± 0.12*

As shown in Table 24, the composition SAL showed improved liver associated biomarkers such as bile acid, T. bilirubin and T. protein in APAP model compared when compared to vehicle treated APAP positive mice. Similarly, statistically significant bile acid clearance was observed for mice treated with the composition SAL in CCl₄ model when compared to vehicle group.

TABLE 24 Liver panel markers compared to vehicle treated mice in CCl₄ model. CCl₄ Group AST Bile Acid T. bilirubin Albumin T. Protein Control 68.0 ± 17.9 1.0 ± 1.0 0.2 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.2 4.9 ± 0.4 Vehicle 4570.9 ± 1121.3 22.1 ± 7.1  0.4 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.1 4.9 ± 0.2 SAL  3085.4 ± 1635.3* 14.8 ± 7.2* 0.3 ± 0.1 2.7 ± 0.1 4.8 ± 0.2

Example 24: Efficacy Confirmation Study of the Composition SAL in APAP and CCL₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity Models

Documenting the superiority in liver protection activity of composition SAL, a confirmatory study was carried out using both APAP and CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity model. Mice were gavaged with the composition SAL at 400 mg/kg orally. 10% Tween-20 was used as a carrier vehicle for all the materials. Control mice received Tween-20 only. Besides serum ALT, Liver panel such as T. protein, total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin, albumin, globulin, AST, bile acid and ALP were measured for control, APAP/CCl₄, SAL, at T24.

As seen in Tables 25 and 26 below, statistically significant inhibitions in serum ALT, AST, conjugated bilirubin and bile acid were observed for mice treated with the composition SAL. These inhibitions were 34.0%, 44.5%, 60.0% and 26.7% reductions from the vehicle treated group. Similarly, the composition SAL showed statistically significant reductions in serum ALT level (44.0% reductions) and a strong trend in reduction in AST (35.9% reductions) compared to vehicle treated mice. Overall, the composition SAL provided greater protection to liver damage in multiple frequently used animal models, which is shown in Table 27.

TABLE 25 Summary of Liver panel analyte levels for mice treated with SAL, in APAP induced hepatotoxicity model. APAP SAL Analyte Control (400 mg/kg) (400 mg/kg) ALT 30.8 ± 4.9  10363.3 ± 4793.8   5808.8 ± 3189.7* AST 68.6 ± 32.0 4189.7 ± 2227.1 2684.8 ± 1565.2 T. bilirubin 0.15 ± 0.05 0.52 ± 0.16 0.43 ± 0.15 Direct 0.00 ± 0.00 0.18 ± 0.08 0.11 ± 0.06 Indirect 0.15 ± 0.05 0.33 ± 0.16 0.31 ± 0.12 bilirubin ALP 91.9 ± 22.5 177.7 ± 33.4  145.4 ± 32.0  Bile Acid 1.2 ± 0.4 18.7 ± 8.5  18.5 ± 11.7 T. Protein 4.46 ± 0.20 4.53 ± 0.37 4.45 ± 0.54 Albumin 2.50 ± 0.12 2.60 ± 0.21 2.61 ± 0.31 Globulin 1.96 ± 0.08 1.93 ± 0.18 1.84 ± 0.26

TABLE 26 Summary of Liver panel analyte levels for mice treated with SAL, in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model. CCl₄ Analyte Control CCl₄ (25 μ/kg) SAL (400 mg/kg) ALT 20.0 ± 6.5  9796.5 ± 2223.4  6466.6 ± 2696.5* AST 69.9 ± 16.1 5031.8 ± 1510.2  2794.0 ± 1427.2* T. bilirubin 0.17 ± 0.05 0.40 ± 0.11 0.31 ± 0.09 Direct bilirubin 0.00 ± 0.00 0.11 ± 0.03  0.04 ± 0.05* Indirect 0.17 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.09 0.27 ± 0.07 bilirubin ALP 76.6 ± 15.7 139.7 ± 65.5  115.0 ± 19.5  Bile Acid 1.2 ± 0.4 30.1 ± 8.6  22.1 ± 7.4* T. Protein 4.50 ± 0.19 4.62 ± 0.20 4.61 ± 0.18 Albumin 2.42 ± 0.13 2.64 ± 0.07 2.60 ± 0.09 Globulin 2.08 ± 0.14 1.98 ± 0.15 2.01 ± 0.18

TABLE 27 Summary of percent changes of liver panel markers from SAL group compared to vehicle treated mice in APAP/CCl₄ models. % Changes SAL (400 mg/kg) Analyte APAP CCl₄ ALT 43.95 33.99 AST 35.9 44.47 T. bilirubin 17.7 22.2 Direct bilirubin 38.64 60.00 Indirect bilirubin 6.25 7.69 ALP 18.2 17.7 Bile Acid 0.9 26.6 T. Protein 1.8 0.2 Albumin −0.48 1.68 Globulin 4.96 −1.46 (+): ↓ Decrease from APAP/CCl₄ (+) vehicle (−): ↑ Increase from APAP/CCl₄ (+) vehicle

Example 25: Effect of Composition SAL on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Liver Homogenates Collected from CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model

Additional confirmatory assays were carried out to assess the effect of the composition SAL in protecting liver using CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity model. Mice were gavaged with the composition SAL at 400 mg/kg orally. 10% tween 20 was used as a carrier vehicle. Control mice received tween 20 only. Liver tissues were collected immediately after necropsy and were kept in dry ice until transferred to −80° C. Material were then shipped to a contract laboratory (Brunswick Laboratories, 200 Turnpike Rd, Mass. 01772, USA) in dry ice for final specimen processing and biomarker analysis. Hepatic Glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutases (SODs) were evaluated.

Glutathione (GSH) is a key intracellular tripeptide thiol that helps protecting cells from free radical damage by providing reducing equivalents for the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides. During this process, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) forms as a reaction product. GSH level has been used as indicative biomarkers of in vivo oxidant and oxidative stress level in cells and tissues. In this analysis, the sulfhydryl group of GSH reacts with DTNB (5,5′-dithio-bis-2-(nitrobenzoic acid)) to produce a produces a yellow colored 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB) product. The amount of GSH in the biological samples is determined via measurement of the absorbance of TNB at 410 nm.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are metallo-enzymes that catalyze the dismutation of the superoxide anion to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. SOD is considered one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in vivo. The SOD assay is a colorimetric assay, which utilizes a tetrazolium salt to measure the dismutation of superoxide radicals that were induced by xanthine oxidase and xanthine, and the activity of SOD in a given sample is quantified by the standard curve generated using the SOD standards. One unit of SOD is defined as the amount of enzyme needed to exhibit 50% dismutation of superoxide radicals.

As seen in the Table 28 below, taking the per gram of protein level of each biomarker tested, the composition SAL replenished the depleted hepatic glutathione in association with an increased in hepatic superoxide dismutase. These findings in conjunction with previously disclosed liver panel data, strongly suggest that the composition SAL possesses liver protection activity from oxidative stress elicited by CCL₄-induced liver damage.

TABLE 28 Oxidative stress biomarkers levels using composition SAL treated mice liver homogenates GSH SOD Dose (nmole/mg (U/mg Group (mg/kg) N of protein) of protein) Control 0 10 38.26 ± 9.52  19.04 ± 4.20 CCl4 (25 μl/kg) 0 9 57.87 ± 10.85 15.21 ± 6.09 SAL 400 9  72.91 ± 14.93*  22.89 ± 7.95* *P ≤ 0.05

Example 26: Evaluation of Liver Protection Activity of Blends of Astragalus Membranous, Schisandra Chinensis and Artemisia Capillaris at Specific Ratios in CCl₄-Induced Hepatotoxicity Model

Liver protection activity of combination comprised of two additional lead plant extracts were also evaluated in CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity model in mice. Astragalus membranous was combined with Schisandra chinensis or Artemisia capillaris at 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:4 and 4:1 ratios. As shown in Table 29, when Astragalus was blended with Schisandra, only one ratio i.e. 1:4 showed statistically non-significant (34.1%) reductions in serum ALT compared to vehicle treated injured mice. In contrast, higher magnitudes in liver protections were observed when Astragalus was combined with Artemisia. Statistically significant 46.3% and 57.7% inhibitions in serum ALT were observed for the 2:1 and 4:1 ratios of Astragalus:Artemisia, respectively. There was a 100% survival rate for all the ratios tested in this model.

TABLE 29 Data summary of mice serum ALT level in CCL4 - induced hepatotoxicity model treated by Astragalus membranous, Schisandra chinensis and Artemisia capillaries at specific ratios Dose (mg/kg) % P- Group N Material Ratio or (μl/kg) Mean SD Change values G-1 5 Control (−) — 0 17.6 3.4 — — G-2 10 CCl₄ (μl/kg) — 25  9622.8 3945.1 — — G-3 10 Astragalus:Schisandra 1:1 200:200 10921.5 3348.5 −13.5 0.46 G-4 10 1:2 133.3:266.7 10052.2 3146.6 −4.5 0.80 G-5 10 2:1 266.7:133.3 8707.3 2507.5 9.5 0.56 G-6 10 1:4  80:320 6338.9 4398.4 34.1 0.11 G-7 10 4:1 320:80  8483.8 4973.1 11.8 0.60 G-8 10 Astragalus:Artemisia 1:1 200:200 7941.6 2080.4 17.5 0.27 G-9 10 1:2 133.3:266.7 9245.6 2523.2 3.9 0.81 G-10 10 2:1 266.7:133.3 5170.4 2005.0 46.3 0.007 G-11 10 1:4  80:320 6373.7 3580.6 33.8 0.08 G-12 10 4:1 320:80  4067.5 2483.2 57.7 0.002

Thus, specific embodiments and methods of compounds and compositions useful for liver health management, including stereoisomers, pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable salts, tautomers, glycosides and prodrugs of the disclosed compounds, along with related methods of improving and maintaining liver health have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the disclosure herein. Moreover, in interpreting the specification and claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms “comprises” and “comprising” should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.

REFERENCES

Each of the below-listed references are the full citations of the references already disclosed herein. It should be noted that each of these references is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

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1.-38: (canceled)
 39. A composition for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver, comprising a mixture of plant extracts, wherein the plant extracts comprise at least one Artemisia extract, at least one Aloe gel powder, and at least one Schizandra extract.
 40. A composition for treatment of and maintaining the health of the liver, comprising a mixture of plant extracts from an Artemisia extract enriched for at least one polymer or biopolymer, an Aloe gel powder enriched for at least one chromone, and a Schizandra extract enriched for at least one lignan and organic acid.
 41. The composition of claim 39, wherein the Artemisia extract and the Schizandra extract are blended in a weight ratio from 4:1 to 1:4.
 42. The composition of claim 39, wherein the Aloe gel powder are further blended with a mixture of Artemisia and Schizandra extracts in a weight percentage of about 5% to about 50%.
 43. The composition of claim 39, wherein the mixture of Artemisia, Schizandra and Aloe leaf gel powder is in a ratio of 8:4:3.
 44. The composition of claim 40, wherein the Artemisia extract comprises 0.01% to 99.9% of biopolymers with molecular weight higher than
 500. 45. The composition of claim 39, wherein the Artemisia extract comprises Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia abrotanum L., Artemisia afra, Artemisia annua L, Artemisia arborescens, Artemisia asiatica, Artemisia campestris, Artemisia deserti, Artemisia iwayomogi, Artemisia ludoviciana, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia oelandica, Artemisia princeps Pamp, Artemisia sacrorum, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia stelleriana, Artemisia frigida Willd, Artemisia anethoides Mattf., Artemisia anethifolia Weber., Artemisia faurier Nakai, Origanum vulgare, Siphenostegia chinensis, or any combination thereof.
 46. The composition of claim 40, wherein the Artemisia extract is selected from Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia abrotanum L., Artemisia afra, Artemisia annua L, Artemisia arborescens, Artemisia asiatica, Artemisia campestris, Artemisia deserti, Artemisia iwayomogi, Artemisia ludoviciana, Artemisia vulgaris, Artemisia oelandica, Artemisia princeps Pamp, Artemisia sacrorum, Artemisia scoparia, Artemisia stelleriana, Artemisia frigida Willd, Artemisia anethoides Mattf., Artemisia anethifolia Weber., Artemisia faurier Nakai, Origanum vulgare, Siphenostegia chinensis, or any combination thereof.
 47. The composition of claim 40, wherein the one or more biopolymers are extracted from Artemisia plant with water, methanol, ethanol, alcohol, a water-mixed solvent or a combination thereof.
 48. The composition of claim 39, wherein the Aloe gel powder comprises Aloe arborescens, Aloe barbadensis, Aloe cremnophila, Aloe ferox, Aloe saponaria, Aloe vera, Aloe vera var. chinensis or a combination thereof.
 49. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one chromone composition comprises about 0.01% to about 100% of one or more chromones
 50. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one chromone is selected from aloesin, aloesinol, aloeresin A, aloeresin B, aloeresin C, aloeresin D, aloeresin E or any combination thereof.
 51. A composition of claim 40, wherein the chromone composition comprises about 1% to about 4% of Aloesin, wherein the composition is essentially free of anthroquinones and wherein the Aloe gel is isolated from a plant selected from Aloe barbadensis or Aloe vera; and wherein the at least one chromone is isolated from Aloe vera or Aloe ferox or any combination thereof.
 52. The composition of claim 39, wherein the Schizandra comprises Schisandra chinensis, Schisandra elongate, Schisandra glabra, Schisandra glaucescens, Schisandra henryi, Schisandra incarnate, Schisandra lancifolia, Schisandra neglecta, Schisandra nigra, Schisandra propinqua, Schisandra pubescens, Schisandra repanda, Schisandra rubriflora, Schisandra rubrifolia, Schisandra sinensis, Schisandra sphaerandra, Schisandra sphenanthera, Schisandra tomentella, Schisandra tuberculate, Schisandra vestita, Schisandra viridis, Schisandra wilsoniana or a combination thereof.
 53. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one lignan is isolated from a Schizandra extract is Schisandrin, Deoxyschizandrin, γ-Schizandrin, Pseudo-γ-schizandrin, Wuweizisu B, Wuweizisu C, Isoschizandrin, Pregomisin, eoschizandrin, Schizandrol, Schizandrol A, Schizandrol B, Schisantherin A, B, C, D, E, Rubschisantherin, Schisanhenol acetdte, Schisanhenol B, Schisanhenol, Gomisin A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, N, O, R, S, T, U, Epigomisin O, Angeloylgomisin H, O, Q, T, igloylgomisin H, P, Angeloyisogomisin O, Benzoyl-gomisin H, O, P, Q, Benzoyl-isogomisin or a combination thereof.
 54. The composition of claim 40, wherein the at least one organic acid is isolated from a Schizandra extract includes malic acid, citric acid, shikimic acid or a combination thereof.
 55. The composition of claim 39, wherein the plant extracts are derived from at least one plant part selected from the group consisting of stems, stem barks, trunks, trunk barks, twigs, tubers, roots, root barks, young shoots, seeds, rhizomes, flowers and other reproductive organs, leaves, other aerial parts or a combination thereof.
 56. The composition of claim 40, wherein the plant extracts are derived from at least one plant part selected from the group consisting of stems, stem barks, trunks, trunk barks, twigs, tubers, roots, root barks, young shoots, seeds, rhizomes, flowers and other reproductive organs, leaves, other aerial parts or a combination thereof.
 57. The composition of claim 40, wherein the composition additionally comprises at least one liver protectant.
 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein the liver protectant comprises plant powder or plant extract of milk thistle, curcuma, bupleurum, licorice, salvia, morus, hovenia, agrimony, cudrania, lyceum, citrus, prunus, yellow mume, Korea gim, dandelion, vitis, grape seed, rubus, camellia, green tea, krill oil, yeast, soy bean; isolated and enriched silymarins, flavonoids, phospholipids, thios, pycnogenols, gelatins, soy lecithin, pancreatic enzymes; natural or synthetic N-acetyl-cysteine, taurine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, carotenes, vitamin A, vitamin B2, B6, B16, vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, branched-chain amino acids, selenium, copper, zinc, manganese, coenzyme Q10, L-arginine, L-glutamine, phosphatidylcholine or a combination thereof.
 59. The composition of claim 40, wherein the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically or nutraceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 